Timelines
This is a timeline of major events in the History of Jerusalem; a city that had been fought over sixteen times in its history.[1] During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.[2]
c. 1850 BCE: According to the Book of Genesis, the Binding of Isaac takes place on Mount Moriah (see Chronology of the Bible) – Biblical scholars have often interpreted the location of the mountain to be Jerusalem, although this is disputed
c. 1700 BCE: Earliest archeological evidence of stone walls built around the city.
c.1700-1550 BCE: According to Manetho (via Josephus' Against Apion), the Hyksos invade the region
Canaanite and New Kingdom Egyptian period:
c.1550–1400 BC: Jerusalem becomes a vassal to Egypt as the Egyptian New Kingdom reunites Egypt and expands into the Levant under Ahmose I and Thutmose I.
c.1330 BC: Correspondence in the Amarna letters between Abdi-Heba, Canaanite ruler of Jerusalem (then known as Urusalim), and Amenhotep III, suggesting the city was a vassal to New Kingdom Egypt.
1178 BC: The Battle of Djahy (Canaan) between Ramesses III and the Sea Peoples marks the beginning of the decline in power of the New Kingdom in the Levant during the Bronze Age collapse (depicted on the North Wall of the Medinet Habu temple and the Papyrus Harris)
c. 1000 BC: According to the Bible, Jerusalem is inhabited by Jebusites and is known as Jebus.
Independent Israel and Judah (House of David) period:
c. 1010 BCE: King David attacks and captures Jerusalem. Jerusalem becomes City of David and capital of the United Kingdom of Israel.[3] (Biblical source only) c. 962 BCE: King Solomon builds the First Temple. (Biblical source only)
c. 931–930 BCE: Solomon dies, and the Golden Age of Israel ends. Jerusalem becomes the capital of the (southern) Kingdom of Judah led by Rehoboam after the split of the United Monarchy. (Biblical source only)
925 BCE: Egyptian Sack of Jerusalem – Pharaoh Sheshonk I of the Third Intermediate Period invades Canaan following the Battle of Bitter Lakes. Possibly the same as Shishak, the first Pharaoh mentioned in the Bible who captured and pillaged Jerusalem (see Bubastite Portal)
853 BCE: The Battle of Qarqar in which Jerusalem's forces were likely involved in an indecisive battle against Shalmaneser III of Neo-Assyria (Jehoshaphat of Judah was allied to Ahab of the Israel according to the Bible). (see Kurkh Monoliths)
c.850 BCE: Jerusalem is sacked by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians, who looted King Jehoram's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz. (Biblical source only)
c.830 BCE: Hazael of Aram Damascus conquers most of Canaan. According to the Bible, Jehoash of Judah gave all of Jerusalem's treasures as a tribute, but Hazael proceeded to destroy "all the princes of the people" in the city.
786 BCE: Jehoash of Israel sacks the city, destroys the walls and takes Amaziah of Judah prisoner (Biblical sources only) c.740 BCE: Assyrian inscriptions record military victories of Tiglath Pileser III over Uzziah of Judah.
Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires period Illustration from the Nuremberg Chronicle of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian rule
733 BCE: According to the Bible, Jerusalem becomes a vassal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire[5] after Ahaz of Judah appeals to Tiglath Pileser III of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to protect the city from Pekah of Israel and Rezin of Aram. Tiglath Pileser III subsequently conquers most of the Levant. At around this time, the Siege of Gezer, 20 miles west of Jerusalem, is recorded on a stone relief at the Assyrian royal palace in Nimrud
c. 712 BC: The Siloam Tunnel is built in order to keep water from the Gihon Spring inside the city. According to the Bible the tunnel was built by King Hezekiah in preparation for a siege by the Assyrians, along with an expansion of Jerusalem's fortifications across the Tyropoeon Valley to enclose the hill today known as Mount Zion.[6]
712 BCE: Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem – Jerusalem pays further tribute to the Neo-Assyrian Empire after the Neo-Assyrian King Sennacherib laid siege to the city.
c.670 BCE: Manasseh, the ruler of Jerusalem, is brought in chains to the Assyrian king, presumably for suspected disloyalty.[7] (Biblical source only) [or c. 677BC ?]
c.627 BCE: The death of Ashurbanipal and the successful revolt of Nabopolassar replaces the Neo-Assyrian Empire with the Neo-Babylonian Empire
609 BCE: Jerusalem becomes part of the Empire of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt after Josiah of Judah is killed by the army of Pharaoh Necho II at the Battle of Megiddo. Josiah's son Jehoahaz of Judah is deposed by the Egyptians and replaced as ruler of Jerusalem by his brother Jehoiakim.
605 BCE: Jerusalem switches its tributary allegiance back to the Neo-Babylonians after Necho II is defeated by Nebuchadnezzar II at the Battle of Carchemish.
599–597 BCE: first Babylonian siege – Nebuchadnezzar II crushed a rebellion in the Kingdom of Judah and other cities in the Levant which had been sparked by the Neo-Babylonians failed invasion of Egypt in 601. Jehoiachin of Jerusalem deported to Babylon (Biblical sources only)
587–6 BCE: second Babylonian siege – Nebuchadnezzar II fought Pharaoh Apries's attempt to invade Judah. Jerusalem mostly destroyed including the First Temple, and the city's prominent citizens exiled to Babylon (see Nebuchadnezzar Chronicle) 582 BCE: Gedaliah the Babylonian governor of Judah assassinated, provoking refugees to Egypt and a third deportation (Biblical sources only)
Persian (Achaemenid) Empire period
539 BCE: Jerusalem becomes part of the Eber-Nari satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire after King Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire by defeating Nabonidus at the Battle of Opis
Cyrus the Great issues the Edict of Cyrus allowing Babylonian Jews to return from the Babylonian captivity and rebuild the Temple (Biblical sources only, see Cyrus (Bible) and The Return to Zion)[8]
The first wave of Babylonian returnees is Sheshbazzar's Aliyah (Biblical sources only) The second wave of Babylonian returnees is Zerubbabel's Aliyah (Biblical sources only)
The return of Babylonian Jews increases the schism with the Samaritans, who had remained in the region during the Assyrian and Babylonian deportations.
516 BCE: The Second Temple is built on the 6th year of Darius the Great (Biblical sources only) 458 BCE: The third wave of Babylonian returnees is Ezra's Aliyah (Biblical sources only)
445 BCE: The fourth and final wave of Babylonian returnees is Nehemiah's Aliyah. Nehemiah is the appointed governor of Judah, and rebuilds the Old City walls (Biblical sources only) 410 BCE: The Great Assembly is established in Jerusalem.
350 BCE: Jerusalem revolts against Artaxerxes III, along with other cities of the Levant and Cyprus. Artaxerxes III, retakes the city and burns it down in the process. Jews who supported the revolt are sent to Hyrcania on the Caspian Sea.
Classical antiquity Hellenistic Kingdoms (Ptolemaic / Seleucid) period Kingdoms of the Diadochi and others before the battle of Ipsus, circa 303 BCE The Seleucid Empire in c.200 BCE Hasmonean Kingdom at its greatest extent under Salome Alexandra
332 BCE: Jerusalem capitulates to Alexander the Great, during his six-year Macedonian conquest of the empire of Darius III of Persia. Alexander's armies took Jerusalem without complication whilst travelling to Egypt after the Siege of Tyre (332 BC). 323 BCE: The city comes under the rule of Laomedon of Mytilene, who is given control of the province of Syria following Alexander's death and the resulting Partition of Babylon between the Diadochi. This partition was reconfirmed two years later at the Partition of Triparadisus
320 BCE: General Nicanor, dispatched by satrap of Egypt Ptolemy I Soter and founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, takes control of Syria including Jerusalem and captures Laomedon in the process 315 BCE: The Antigonid dynasty gains control of the city after Ptolemy I Soter withdraws from Syria including Jerusalem and Antigonus I Monophthalmus invades during the Third War of the Diadochi. Seleucus I Nicator, then governor of Babylon under Antigonus I Monophthalmus fled to Egypt to join Ptolemy.
312 BCE: Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after he defeats Antigonus' son Demetrius I at the Battle of Gaza. It is probable that Seleucus I Nicator, then an Admiral under Ptolemy's command, also took part in the battle, as following the battle he was given 800 infantry and 200 cavalry and immediately travelled to Babylon where he founded the Seleucid Empire
311 BCE: The Antigonid dynasty regains control of the city after Ptolemy withdraws from Syria again following a minor defeat by Antigonus I Monophthalmus, and a peace treaty is concluded. 302 BCE: Ptolemy invades Syria for a third time, but evacuated again shortly thereafter following false news of a victory for Antigonus against Lysimachus (another of the Diadochi)
301 BCE: Coele-Syria (Southern Syria) including Jerusalem is re-captured by Ptolemy I Soter after Antigonus I Monophthalmus is killed at the Battle of Ipsus. Ptolemy had not taken part in the battle, and the victors Seleucus I Nicator and Lysimachus had carved up the Antigonid Empire between them, with Southern Syria intended to become part of the Seleucid Empire. Although Seleucus did not attempt to conquer the area he was due, Ptolemy's pre-emptive move led to the Syrian Wars which began in 274 BCE between the successors of the two leaders.
219–217 BCE: The northern portion of Coele-Syria is given to the Seleucid Empire in 219 through the betrayal of Governor Theodotus of Aetolia, who had held the province on behalf of Ptolemy IV Philopator. The Seleucids advanced on Egypt, but were defeated at the Battle of Raphia (Rafah) in 217.
200 BCE: Jerusalem falls under the control of the Seleucid Empire following the Battle of Panium (part of the Fifth Syrian War) in which Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemies. 175 BCE: Antiochus IV Epiphanes succeeds his father and becomes King of the Seleucid Empire. He accelerates Seleucid efforts to eradicate the Jewish religion by forcing the Jewish High Priest Onias III to step down in favor of his brother Jason, who was replaced by Menelaus three years later. He outlaws Sabbath and circumcision, sacks Jerusalem and erects an altar to Zeus in the Second Temple after plundering it.
167 BCE: Maccabean revolt sparked in 167 BCE when a Seleucid Greek government representative under King Antiochus IV asked Mattathias to offer sacrifice to the Greek gods, he refused to do so, killed a Jew who had stepped forward to do so and attacked the government official that required the act.[9] Led to the guerilla Battle of Wadi Haramia (Biblical source only). 164 BCE 25 Kislev: The Maccabees capture Jerusalem following the Battle of Beth Zur, and rededicate the Temple (see Hanukkah). The Hasmoneans take control of part of Jerusalem, whilst the Seleucids retain control of the Acra (fortress) in the city and most surrounding areas.
160 BCE: The Seleucids retake control of the whole of Jerusalem after Judas Maccabeus is killed at the Battle of Elasa, marking the end of the Maccabean revolt. 145–144 BCE: Alexander Balas is overthrown at the Battle of Antioch (the capital of the Empire) by Demetrius II Nicator in alliance with Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt. The following year, Mithradates I of Parthia captured Seleucia (the previous capital of the Seleucid Empire), significantly weakening the power of Demetrius II Nicator throughout the remaining empire.
Hasmonean kingdom
c.140 BCE: The Acra is captured and later destroyed by Simon Thassi 139 BCE: Demetrius II Nicator is taken prisoner for nine years by the rapidly expanding Parthian Empire after defeat of the Seleucids in Persia. Simon Thassi travels to Rome, where the Roman Republic formally acknowledges the Hasmonean Kingdom. However the region remains a province of the Seleucid empire and Simon Thassi is required to provide troops to Antiochus VII Sidetes
134 BCE: Sadducee John Hyrcanus becomes leader after his father Simon Thassi is murdered. He takes a Greek regnal name (see Hyrcania) in an acceptance of the Hellenistic culture of his Seleucid suzerains. 134 BCE: Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes recaptures the city. John Hyrcanus opened King David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents which he paid as tribute to spare the city (according to Josephus[10]). John Hyrcanus, remains as governor, becoming a vassal to the Seleucids
116 BCE: A civil war between Seleucid half-brothers Antiochus VIII Grypus and Antiochus IX Cyzicenus results in a breakup of the kingdom and the independence of certain principalities, including Judea.[11][12] 110 BCE: John Hyrcanus carries out the first military conquests of the independent Hasmonean kingdom, raising a mercenary army to capture Madaba and Schechem, significantly increasing the regional influence of Jerusalem[13][14] c.87 BCE: According to Josephus, following a six-year civil war involving Seleucid king Demetrius III Eucaerus, Hasmonean ruler Alexander Jannaeus crucified 800 Jewish rebels in Jerusalem
73–63 BCE: The Roman Republic extends its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War. During the war, Armenian King Tigranes the Great takes control of Syria and prepares to invade Judea and Jerusalem but has to retreat following an invasion of Armenia by Lucullus.[15] However, this period is believed to have resulted in the first settlement of Armenians in Jerusalem.[16] According to Armenian historian Movses Khorenatsi writing in c.482 CE, Tigranes captured Jerusalem and deported Hyrcanus to Armenia, however most scholars deem this account to be incorrect.[17][18]
Early Roman period
Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus, 30BCE – 6AD Pompey in the Temple, 63 BCE (Jean Fouquet 1470–1475) Jesus at the Temple (Giovanni Paolo Pannini c. 1750) The siege of Jerusalem, 70AD (David Roberts, 1850)
63 BCE: Roman Republic under Pompey the Great besieges and takes the city.[3] Pompey enters the temple but leaves treasure. Hyrcanus II is appointed High Priest and Antipater the Idumaean is appointed governor. 57–55 BCE: Aulus Gabinius, proconsul of Syria, split the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts of legal and religious councils known as sanhedrin based at Jerusalem, Sepphoris (Galilee), Jericho, Amathus (Perea) and Gadara.[19][20] 54 BCE Crassus loots the temple, confiscating all its gold, after failing to receive the required tribute (according to Josephus).
45 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is appointed Procurator of Judaea by Julius Caesar, after Julius Caesar is appointed dictator of the Roman Republic following Caesar's Civil War.
43 BCE: Antipater the Idumaean is killed by poison, and is succeeded by his sons Phasael and Herod. 40 BCE: Antigonus, son of Hasmonean Aristobulus II and nephew of Hyrcanus II, offers money to the Parthian army to help him recapture the Hasmonean realm from the Romans. Jerusalem is captured by Barzapharnes, Pacorus I of Parthia and Roman deserter Quintus Labienus. Antigonus is placed as King of Judea. Hyracanus is mutilated, Phasael commits suicide, and Herod escapes to Rome.
40–37 BCE: The Roman senate appoints Herod "King of the Jews" and provides him with an army. Following Roman General Publius Ventidius Bassus' defeat of the Parthians in Northern Syria, Herod and Roman General Gaius Sosius wrest Judea from Antigonus II Mattathias, culminating in the siege of the city.[21][22]
37–35 BCE: Herod the Great builds the Antonia Fortress, named after Mark Anthony, on the site of the earlier Hasmonean Baris[23] 19 BCE: Herod expands the Temple Mount and rebuilds the Temple (Herod's Temple), including the construction of the Western Wall. 15 BCE: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of Emperor Augustus visits Jerusalem and offers a hecatomb in the temple.[24] 6 BCE: John the Baptist is born in Ein Kerem to Zechariah and Elizabeth.
5 BCE: Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, 40 days after his birth in Bethlehem (Biblical sources only). 6 CE: End of Herodian governorate in Jerusalem.
Herod Archelaus deposed as the ethnarch of the Tetrarchy of Judea. Herodian Dynasty replaced in the newly created Iudaea province by Roman prefects and after 44 by procurators, beginning with Coponius (Herodians continued to rule elsewhere and Agrippa I and Agrippa II later served as Kings).
Senator Quirinius appointed Legate of the Roman province of Syria (to which Judea had been "added" according to Josephus[25] though Ben-Sasson claims it was a "satellite of Syria" and not "legally part of Syria"[26]) carries out a tax census of both Syria and Judea known as the Census of Quirinius.
Both events spark the failed revolt of Judas the Galilean and the founding of the Zealot movement, according to Josephus. Jerusalem loses its place as the administrative capital to Caesarea Palaestina[27]
7–26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Judea and Galilee[28] c.12 The 12-year-old Jesus travels to Jerusalem on Passover, as he did every year[29] and is found in the Temple (Biblical sources only).
28-30 CE: Three year Ministry of Jesus, during which a number of key events took place in Jerusalem, including: (Biblical sources only)
“Flevit super illam” (He wept over it); by Enrique Simonet, 1892. Temptation of Christ Cleansing of the Temple – Jesus drives the merchants and moneylenders from Herod's Temple. Meeting with Nicodemus Healing the man blind from birth
30 CE: Key events in the martyrdom of Jesus which took place in Jerusalem (Biblical sources only)
Palm Sunday (Jesus enters Jerusalem as the Messiah, whilst riding on a donkey) Last Supper The Passion and Crucifixion Resurrection of Jesus Ascension of Jesus
30 CE: The first Christian martyr (Protomartyr) Saint Stephen stoned to death following Sanhedrin trial.
37–40 "Crisis under Caligula" – a financial crisis throughout the empire results in the "first open break" between Jews and Romans even though problems were already evident during the Census of Quirinius in 6 and under Sejanus before 31.[30]
45–46 After a famine in Judea Paul and Barnabus provide support to the Jerusalem poor from Antioch (Biblical source only).
50 The Apostles thought to have held the Council of Jerusalem, the first Christian council. May mark the first formal schism between Christianity and Judaism at which it was agreed that Christians did not need to be circumcised or alternately may represent a form of early Noahide Law.
57 Paul of Tarsus is arrested in Jerusalem after he is attacked by a mob in the Temple[31] and defends his actions before a Sanhedrin. 64–68 Nero persecutes Jews and Christians throughout the Roman Empire. 66 James the Just, the brother of Jesus and first Bishop of Jerusalem, is killed in Jerusalem at the instigation of the high priest Ananus ben Ananus according to Eusebius of Caesarea.[32]
66–73 CE: First Jewish-Roman War, with the Judean rebellion led by Simon Bar Giora
70 CE: Siege of Jerusalem (70) – Titus, eldest son of Emperor Vespasian, ends the major portion of Great Jewish Revolt and destroys Herod's Temple on Tisha B'Av. The Roman legion Legio X Fretensis is garrisoned in the city.
The Sanhedrin is relocated to Yavne. Pharisees become dominant, and their form of Judaism evolves into modern day Rabbinic Judaism (whereas Sadducees and Essenes are no longer recorded as groups in history – see Origins of Rabbinic Judaism). The city's leading Christians relocate to Pella.
c.90–96 CE: Jews and Christians heavily persecuted throughout the Roman Empire towards the end of the reign of Domitian.
115–7 CE: Jews revolt against the Romans throughout the empire, including Jerusalem, in the Kitos War. 117 CE: Saint Simeon of Jerusalem, second Bishop of Jerusalem, was crucified under Trajan by the proconsul Atticus in Jerusalem or the vicinity.[33]
Late Roman period (Aelia Capitolina)
The Roman empire at its peak under Hadrian showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in 125 CE.
130: Emperor Hadrian visits the ruins of Jerusalem and decides to rebuild it as a city dedicated to Jupiter called Aelia Capitolina
131: An additional legion, Legio VI Ferrata, was stationed in the city to maintain order, as the Roman governor performed the foundation ceremony of Aelia Capitolina. Hadrian abolished circumcision (brit milah), which he viewed as mutilation.[34]
132–135: Bar Kokhba's revolt – Simon Bar Kokhba leads a revolt against the Roman Empire, controlling the city for three years. He is proclaimed as the Messiah by Rabbi Akiva ben Joseph. Hadrian sends Sextus Julius Severus to the region, who brutally crushes the revolt and retakes the city.
136 Hadrian formally reestablishes the city as Aelia Capitolina, and forbids Jewish and Christian presence in the city c136–140: A Temple to Jupiter is built on the Temple Mount and a temple to Venus is built on Calvary
138: Restrictions over Christian presence in the city are relaxed after Hadrian dies and Antoninus Pius becomes emperor. 195: Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem presides over a council held by the bishops of Palestine in Caesarea, and decreed that Easter was to be always kept on a Sunday, and not with the Jewish Passover
251: Bishop Alexander of Jerusalem is killed during Roman Emperor Decius' persecution of Christians 259: Jerusalem falls under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire after the capture of Emperor Valerian by Shapur I at the Battle of Edessa causes the Roman Empire to splinter.
272: Jerusalem becomes part of the Roman Empire again after Aurelian defeats the Palmyrene Empire at the Battle of Emesa (Homs)
303: Saint Procopius of Scythopolis is born in Jerusalem
312: Macarius becomes the last Bishop of Aelia Capitolina
313: Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre founded in Jerusalem after Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan, legalizing Christianity throughout the Roman Empire following his own conversion the previous year.
Late Antiquity period
Byzantine period Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 Helena finding the True Cross (Italian manuscript, c.825) The Madaba Map depiction of sixth-century Jerusalem
324–325: Emperor Constantine wins the Civil Wars of the Tetrarchy (306–324) and reunites the empire. Within a few months, the First Council of Nicaea (first worldwide Christian council) confirms status of Aelia as a patriarchate.[35] A significant wave of Christian immigration to the city begins. This is the date on which the city is generally taken to have been renamed Jerusalem.
c.325: The ban on Jews entering the city remains in force, but they are allowed to enter once a year to pray at the Western Wall on Tisha B'Av.
326: Constantine's mother Helena visits Jerusalem and orders the destruction of Hadrian's temple to Venus which had been built on Calvary. Accompanied by Macarius of Jerusalem, the excavation reportedly discovers the True Cross, the Holy Tunic and the Holy Nails.
333: The Eleona Basilica is built on the Mount of Olives, marking the site of the Ascension of Jesus. 335: First Church of the Holy Sepulchre built on Calvary.
347: Saint Cyril of Jerusalem delivers his Mystagogical Catecheses, instructions on the principal topics of Christian faith and practise 361: Neoplatonist Julian the Apostate becomes Roman Emperor and attempts to reverse the growing influence of Christianity by encouraging other religions. As a result, Alypius of Antioch is commissioned to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem and Jews are allowed to return to the city[36]
363: The Galilee earthquake of 363 together with the re-establishment of Christianity's dominance following the death of Julian the Apostate at the Battle of Samarra ends attempts to rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem.
380: Theodosius I declares Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire later loses its western provinces, with Jerusalem continuing under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Empire (commonly known as the Byzantine Empire).
c.380: Tyrannius Rufinus and Melania the Elder found the first monastery in Jerusalem on the Mount of Olives
386: Saint Jerome moves to Jerusalem in order to commence work on the Vulgate, commissioned by Pope Damasus I and instrumental in the fixation of the Biblical canon in the West. He later moves to Bethlehem.
394: John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, consecrates the Church of the Holy Zion built on the site of the Cenacle
403: Euthymius the Great founds the Pharan lavra, six miles east of Jerusalem
438: Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta, wife of Theodosius II, visits Jerusalem after being encouraged by Melania the Younger.
451: The Council of Chalcedon confirms Jerusalem's status as a Patriarchate as one of the Pentarchy. Juvenal of Jerusalem becomes the first Patriarch of Jerusalem[37]
443–460: Empress Aelia Eudocia Augusta moves to Jerusalem where she dies in the year 460, after being banished by Theodosius II for adultery
483: Sabbas the Sanctified founds the Great Lavra, also known as Mar Saba, in the Kidron Valley
540–550: Emperor Justinian I undertakes a number of building works, including the once magnificent Nea Ekklesia of the Theotokos ("the Nea") and the extension of the Cardo thoroughfare[38]
c.600: Latin Pope Gregory I commissions Abbot Probus of Ravenna to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat Latin pilgrims to the Holy Land
610: The Temple Mount in Jerusalem become the focal point for Muslim salat (prayers), known as the First Qibla, following Muhammad's initial revelations (Wahy) (Islamic sources)
610 Jewish revolt against Heraclius begins in Antioch and spreads to other cities including Jerusalem.
614: Siege of Jerusalem (614) – Jerusalem falls to Khosrau II's Sassanid Empire led by General Shahrbaraz, during the Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628. Jewish leader Nehemiah ben Hushiel allied with Shahrbaraz in the battle, as part of the Jewish revolt against Heraclius, and was made governor of the city. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is burned, Patriarch Zacharias is taken prisoner, the True Cross and other relics are taken to Ctesiphon, and much of the Christian population is massacred.[39][40] Most of the city is destroyed.
617: Jewish governor Nehemiah ben Hushiel is killed by a mob of Christian citizens, three years after he is appointed. The Sassanids quell the uprising and appoint a Christian governor to replace him.
620: Muhammad's night journey (Isra and Mi'raj to Jerusalem (Islamic sources)
624: Jerusalem loses its place as the Qibla (focal point for Muslim prayers) to Mecca, 18 months after the Hijra (Muhammad's migration to Medina)
c.625: According to Sahih al-Bukhari, Muhammad ordained the Al-Aqsa Mosque as one of the three holy mosques of Islam[41] 629: Byzantine Emperor Heraclius retakes Jerusalem, after the decisive defeat of the Sassanid Empire at the Battle of Nineveh (627). Heraclius personally returns the True Cross to the city.[42]
Middle Ages
Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates period The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750 An anachronistic map of the various de facto independent emirates after the Abbasids lost their military dominance (c. 950).
636–7: Siege of Jerusalem (637) – Caliph Umar the Great conquers Jerusalem and enters the city on foot, following the decisive defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Yarmouk a few months earlier.[3] Patriarch Sophronius and Umar are reported to have agreed the Covenant of Umar I, which guaranteed Christians freedom of religion but prohibited Jews from living in the city according to Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Jerusalem becomes part of the Jund Filastin province of the Arab Caliphate.
638: The Armenian Apostolic Church began appointing its own bishop in Jerusalem. 661: Muawiyah I is ordained as Caliph of the Islamic world in Jerusalem following the assassination of Ali in Kufa, ending the First Fitna and marking the beginning of the Umayyad Empire.
677: According to interpretations of Maronite historian Theophilus of Edessa, Mardaites (possibly ancestors of today's Maronites) took over a swathe of land including Jerusalem on behalf of the Byzantine Emperor, who was simultaneously repelling the Umayyads in the Siege of Constantinople (674–678). However, this has been contested as a mistranslation of the words "Holy City".[43][44]
687–691: The Dome of the Rock is built by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan during the Second Fitna, becoming the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.[3] 692: Orthodox Council in Trullo formally makes Jerusalem one of the Pentarchy (disputed by Roman Catholicism). 705: The Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I builds the Masjid al-Aqsa.
730–749: John of Damascus, previously chief adviser to Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, moves to the monastery Mar Saba outside Jerusalem and becomes the major opponent of the First Iconoclasm through his theological writings.
744–750: Riots in Jerusalem and other major Syrian cities during the reign of Marwan II, quelled in 745–6. The Umayyad army is subsequently defeated in 750 at the Battle of the Zab by the Abbasids, who take control of the entire empire including Jerusalem. Marwan II flees via Jerusalem but is assassinated in Egypt
793–796: Civil War in Palestine (793–796).
797: First embassy sent from Charlemagne to Caliph Harun al-Rashid as part of the attempted Abbasid–Carolingian alliance[45] Harun al-Rashid is reported to have offered the custody of the Holy places in Jerusalem to Charlemagne. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was restored and the Latin hospital was enlarged and placed under the control of the Benedictines.[46]
799: Charlemagne sent another mission to Patriarch George of Jerusalem[47]
801: Sufi saint Rabia Al-Adawiyya dies in Jerusalem
813: Caliph Al-Ma'mun visits Jerusalem and undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock.
878: Ahmad ibn Tulun, ruler of Egypt and founder of the Tulunid dynasty, conquers Jerusalem and most of Syria, four years after declaring Egypt's independence from the Abbasid court in Baghdad.
881: Patriarch Elias III of Jerusalem corresponded with European rulers asking for financial donations, including Holy Roman Emperor and King of West Francia Charles the Fat and Alfred the Great of England
904: The Abbasids regain control of Jerusalem after invading Syria, and the army of Tulunid Emir Harun retreats to Egypt where the Tulunids were defeated the following year.
939: Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid, governor of Abbasid Egypt and Palestine, granted independent control over his domain and the title Al-Ikhshid (Prince) by Abbasid Caliph Ar-Radi
946: Muhammad bin Tughj Al-Ikhshid died and buried in Jerusalem. Abu al-Misk Kafur becomes de facto ruler.
951–978: Estakhri, Traditions of Countries and Ibn Hawqal, The Face of the Earth write of Jund Filistin "Its capital and largest town in Ramla, but the Holy City of Jerusalem comes very near this last in size", and of Jerusalem: "It is a city perched high on the hills: and you have to go up to it from all sides. In all Jerusalem there is no running water, excepting what comes from springs, that can be used to irrigate the fields, and yet it is the most fertile portion of Filastin."[48] 966: Al-Muqaddasi leaves Jerusalem to begin his 20-year geographical study, writing in detail about Jerusalem in his Description of Syria, Including Palestine[48]
968: Abu al-Misk Kafur dies and is also buried in Jerusalem. The Ikhshidid government divides and the Fatimids prepare for invasion of Egypt and Palestine. Fatimid Caliphate period The Fatimid Caliphate at its greatest extent 969: The Ismaili Shia Fatimids under General Gawhar Al-Siqilli conquer the Ikhshidid domains of the Abbasid empire including Jerusalem, following a treaty guaranteeing the local Sunnis freedom of religion
975: Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes's second Syrian campaign takes Emesa, Baalbek, Damascus, Tiberias, Nazareth, Caesarea, Sidon, Beirut, Byblos and Tripoli, but was defeated en route to Jerusalem. The emperor died suddenly in 976 on his return from the campaign
1009: Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim orders destruction of churches and synagogues in the empire, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1016: Caliph Ali az-Zahir undertakes extensive renovations to the Dome of the Rock
1023-41: Anushtakin al Dizbari is the governor of Palestine and Syria, and defeats the Bedouin revolt of 1024-29. More than 100 years later, in 1157, his body was ceremonially transferred to Jerusalem for reburial.[49]
1030: Caliph Ali az-Zahir authorizes the rebuilding of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and other Christian churches in a treaty with Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros.
1042: Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos pays for the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, authorized by Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah. Al-Mustansir authorizes a number of other Christian buildings, including the Muristan hospital, church and monastery built by a group of Amalfi merchants in c. 1050
1054: Great Schism – the Patriarch of Jerusalem joined the Eastern Orthodox Church, under the jurisdiction of Constantinople. All Christians in the Holy Land came under the jurisdiction of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, setting in place a key cause of the Crusades
1073: Jerusalem is captured by Malik-Shah I's Great Seljuq Empire under Emir Atsiz ibn Uvaq, who was advancing south into the weakening Fatimid Empire following the decisive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert two years previously and a devastating six year famine in Egypt between 1067 and 1072.[50]
1077: Jerusalem revolts against the rule of Emir Atsiz ibd Uvaq while he is fighting the Fatimid Empire in Egypt. On his return to Jerusalem, Atsiz re-takes the city and massacres the local population.[51] As a result, Atsiz is executed by Tutush I, governor of Syria under his brother, Seljuk leader Malik-Shah I. Tutush I appoints Artuq bin Ekseb, later founder of the Artuqid dynasty, as governor.
1091-5: Artuq bin Ekseb dies in 1091, and is succeeded as governor by his sons Ilghazi and Sokmen. Malik Shah dies in 1092, and the Great Seljuk Empire splits into smaller warring states. Control of Jerusalem is disputed between Duqaq and Radwan after the death of their father Tutush I in 1095. The ongoing rivalry weakens Syria.
1095–6 Al-Ghazali lives in Jerusalem 1095: At the Council of Clermont Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade
1098: Fatimid Regent Al-Afdal Shahanshah reconquers Jerusalem from Artuq bin Ekseb's sons Ilghazi and Sokmen
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Crusaders) period
Crusader states in 1180 The capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders on 15 July 1099 1. The Holy Sepulcher, 2. The Dome of the Rock, 3. Ramparts A woodcut of Jerusalem in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
1099: Siege of Jerusalem (1099) – First Crusaders capture Jerusalem and slaughter most of the city's Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. The Dome of the Rock is converted into a Christian church Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Protector of the Holy Sephulcre.[52]
1100: Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Godfrey of Bouillon promises to turn over the rule of Jerusalem to the Papacy once the crusaders capture Egypt. The invasion of Egypt did not occur as Godfrey died shortly thereafter. Baldwin I was proclaimed the first King of Jerusalem after politically outmanoeuvering Dagobert.
1104: The Al-Aqsa Mosque becomes the Royal Palace of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
1112: Arnulf of Chocques becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem for the second time and prohibits non-Catholic worship at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1113: The foundation of the Knights Hospitaller by Gerard Thom at the Muristan Christian hospice in Jerusalem is confirmed by a Papal Bull from Pope Paschal II 1119: Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer found the Knights Templar in the Al Aqsa Mosque.
1123: Pactum Warmundi alliance established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice
1131: Melisende became Queen of Jerusalem, later acting as regent for her son between 1153 and 1161 while he was on campaign. She was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, and the Armenian princess Morphia of Melitene
1137: Zengi defeats Fulk of Jerusalem at the Battle of Ba'rin. Fulk was trapped in Ba'rin Castle, but released by Zengi on payment of a ransom.
1138: St Anne's Church is built by Arda of Armenia, widow of Baldwin I of Jerusalem.
1149: New Church of the Holy Sepulchre built.
1141–73: Jerusalem is visited by Yehuda Halevi (1141), Maimonides (1165), Benjamin of Tudela (1173).
1160: According to Benjamin of Tudela, messainic claimant David Alroy called his followers in Baghdad to join him on a mission to Jerusalem
1170–84: William of Tyre writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana.
Ayyubid, Mamluk Bahri and Mamluk Burji period Jerusalem under the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of Saladin, 1193 The Bahri Mamluk Dynasty 1250–1382
1187: Siege of Jerusalem (1187) – Saladin captures Jerusalem from the Crusaders, after Battle of the Horns of Hattin. Allows Jewish and Orthodox Christian settlement. The Dome of the Rock is converted to an Islamic center of worship again.
1192: Third Crusade under Richard the Lionheart fails to recapture Jerusalem, but ends with the Treaty of Ramla in which Saladdin agreed that Western Christian pilgrims could worship freely in Jerusalem
1193: Mosque of Omar built under Saladin outside the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, commemorating Umar the Great's decision to pray outside the church so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the Church's status as a Christian site 1193: The Moroccan Quarter is established
1206: Ibn Arabi makes a pilgimage to the city 1212: 300 Rabbis from England and France settle in Jerusalem.
1219: Despite having rebuilt the walls during the Third Crusade, Al-Mu'azzam, Ayyubid Emir of Damascus, destroys the city walls to prevent the Crusaders from capturing a fortified city
1219: Jacques de Vitry writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana
1229-44: From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 Treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade.[53][54][55][56][57] The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.
1239: An-Nasir Dawud, Ayyubid Emir of Kerak, briefly occupies the city and destroys its fortifications before withdrawing to Kerak.
1240–44: An-Nasir Dawud competes with his cousin As-Salih Ayyub, who had allied with the Crusaders, for control of the region.
1244: Siege of Jerusalem (1244) –– In order to permanently retake the city from rival breakaway Abbasid rulers who had allied with the Crusaders, As-Salih Ayyub summoned a huge mercenary army of Khwarezmians, who were available for hire following the defeat of the Khwarazm Shah dynasty by the Mongols ten years earlier.[58] The Khwarezmians could not be controlled by As-Salih Ayyub, and destroyed the city. A few months later, the two sides met again at the decisive Battle of La Forbie, marking the end of the Crusader influence in the region
1246: The Ayyubids regain control of the city after the Khwarezmians are defeated by Al-Mansur Ibrahim at Lake Homs
1248–50: The Seventh Crusade, launched in reaction to the 1244 destruction of Jerusalem, fails after Louis IX of France is defeated and captured by Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah at the Battle of Fariskur in 1250. The Mamluk Sultanate is indirectly created in Egypt as a result, as Turanshah is killed by his Mamluk soldiers a month after the battle and his step-mother Shajar al-Durr becomes Sultana of Egypt with the Mamluk Aybak as Atabeg. The Ayyubids relocate to Damascus, where they continue to control the rump of their empire including Jerusalem for a further 10 years.
1260: The Army of the Mongol Empire reaches Palestine for the first time:
Jerusalem raided as part of the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa. Hulagu Khan sends a message to Louis IX of France that Jerusalem remitted to the Christians under the Franco-Mongol Alliance.
Hulagu Khan returns to Mongolia following the death of Mongke, leaving Kitbuqa and a reduced army to fight the Battle of Ain Jalut, north of Jerusalem. Seen as one of history's most significant battles, after the Mongols are defeated by the Egyptian Mamelukes under Qutuz and Baibars [59]
1267: Nachmanides goes to Jerusalem and prays at the Western Wall. Reported to have found only two Jewish families in the city
1300: Further Mongol raids into Palestine under Ghazan and Mulay. Jerusalem held by the Mongols for four months (see Ninth Crusade). Hetham II, King of Armenia, was allied to the Mongols and is reported to have visited Jerusalem where he donated his scepter to the Armenian Cathedral.
1307: Marino Sanuto the Elder writes his magnum opus Historia Hierosolymitana
1318-20: Regional governor Sanjar al-Jawli undertook renovations of the city, including building the Jawliyya Madrasa 1328: Tankiz, the Governor of Damascus, undertook further renovations including of the al-Aqsa Mosque and building the Tankiziyya Madrasa
1340: The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem builds a wall around the Armenian Quarter 1347: The Black Death sweeps Jerusalem and much of the rest of the Mamluk Sultanate. 1377: Jerusalem and other cities in Mamluk Syria revolt, following the death of Al-Ashraf Sha'ban. The revolt was quelled and a coup d'etat is staged by Barquq in Cairo in 1382, founding the Mamluk Burji dynasty.
1392–93 – Henry IV of England makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem
1482: The visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem as "a collection of all manner of abominations". As "abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians, Jacobites, Abyssianians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians, Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a sect possibly Druzes, Mamelukes, and "the most accursed of all", Jews. Only the Latin Christians "long with all their hearts for Christian princes to come and subject all the country to the authority of the Church of Rome".
1496: Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi writes The Glorious History of Jerusalem and Hebron
Early modern period Early Ottoman period The Ottoman Empire in 1683, showing Jerusalem
1516: The Ottoman Empire replaces the Mamluks in Palestine after Sultan Selim I defeats the last Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (Aleppo) and the Battle of Yaunis Khan (Gaza) 1517: Sultan Selim I makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on his way to the final defeat of the Mamluks at the Battle of Ridaniya (Cairo). Selim proclaims himself Caliph of the Islamic world. 1518: Abu Ghosh clan sent to Jerusalem to restore order and to secure the pilgrimage route between Jaffa and Jerusalem 1535–1538: Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds walls around Jerusalem.
1541: The The Golden Gate is permanently sealed.
1546: On 14 January a devastating earthquake shook the Palestine region. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the Jordan River in a location between the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. The cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Gaza and Damascus were heavily damaged.[60]
1555: Father Boniface of Ragusa, Franciscan Custodian of the Holy Land, repairs the Tomb of Christ (the Aedicula) in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This was the first time the tomb was opened since the visit of Saint Helena in 326. It was carried out with the permission of Pope Julius III and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and with funds from Philip II of Spain who claimed the title King of Jerusalem[61]
1604: First Protectorate of missions agreed under the Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, in which Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman cities.
1624: Following the Battle of Anjar, Druze prince Fakhr-al-Din II is appointed the "Emir of Arabistan" by the Ottomans to govern the region from Aleppo to Jerusalem. He toured his new provinces in the same year.[62] He was deposed and hanged a decade later by the wali of Damascus
1663–5 Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the Messiah
1672: Synod of Jerusalem 1700: Judah the Pious with 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem.
1703–1705: The city revolts against heavy taxation. It is finally put down two years later by Jurji Muhammad Pasha.[63] 1705: Restrictions imposed against the Jews. 1744: The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine"[64]
1757 Ottoman firman is issued regarding the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1771–2: The renegade Christian Mamluk ruler of Egypt Ali Bey Al-Kabir temporarily took control of Jerusalem with 30,000 troops, together with Daher el-Omar and Russia (who had also instigated a Greek revolt as part of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).
1774: The Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca is signed between Catherine the Great and Sultan Abdul-Hamid I giving Russia the right to protect all Christians in the Ottoman Empire.(Same rights previously given to France (1535) and England)
1798 Patriarch Anthimios of Jerusalem contended that the Ottoman Empire was part of the God's divine providence to protect the Orthodox church from Roman Catholicism and Western secularism.
1799: Napoleon's unsuccessful Campaign in Egypt and Syria intends to capture Jerusalem, but is defeated at the Siege of Acre
Modern era Decline of the Ottoman Empire period Map of Jerusalem in 1883 "Independent" Vilayet of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887–88
1821: Greek War of Independence begins after Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras proclaimed a national uprising against the Ottoman Empire at the Monastery of Agia Lavra. Jerusalem's Christian population, who were estimated to make up around 20% of the city's total[65] (with the majority being Greek Orthodox), were forced by the Ottoman authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black and help improve the city's fortifications
1825–6: Antitax rebellion takes control of the citadel and expels the city's garrison. The rebellion is put down by Abdullah Pasha
1827: First visit by Sir Moses Montefiore. 1831: Wali Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquers the city following Sultan Mahmud II's refusal to grant him control over Syria as compensation for his help fighting the Greek War of Independence. The invasion led to the First Turko-Egyptian War 1833: Armenians establish the first printing press in the city
1834: Jerusalem revolts against conscription under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the 1834 Arab revolt in Palestine
1838–57: The first European consulates are opened in the city (e.g. Britain 1838)
1839–40: Rabbi Judah Alkalai publishes "The Pleasant Paths" and "The Peace of Jerusalem", urging the return of European Jews to Jerusalem and Palestine.
1840: A firman is issued by Ibrahim Pasha forbidding Jews to pave the passageway in front of the Western Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there."
1840: The Ottoman Turks retake the city – with help from the English (Lord Palmerston)
1841: The British and Prussian Governments as well as the Church of England and the Evangelical Church in Prussia establish a joint Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, with Michael Solomon Alexander as the first Protestant bishop in Jerusalem
1847: Giuseppe Valerga appointed as the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem since the crusades 1852: Sultan Abdülmecid I published a firman setting out the rights and responsibility of each community at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The firman is known as the "Status quo" and its protocol is still in force today.
1853–4: Under military and financial pressure from Napoleon III, Sultan Abdulmecid I accepts a treaty confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme authority in the Holy Land with control over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This decision contravened the 1774 treaty with Russia, and led to the Crimean War.
1854: Albert Cohn makes his first visit to the city, at the request of the Consistoire Central des Israélites de France.
1857: The Batei Mahse, two 8 two-story buildings, are built in the Jewish Quarter by the Batei Mahse Company, an organization of Dutch and German Jews[66][67]
1860: The first Jewish neighborhood (Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the Old City walls, in an area later known as Yemin Moshe, by Sir Moses Montefiore and Judah Touro, as part of the process to "leave the walls". [68][69]
1862: Moses Hess publishes Rome and Jerusalem, arguing for a Jewish homeland in Palestine centered on Jerusalem
1862: The eldest son of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert Edward (later Edward VII), visited Jerusalem[70]
1868: Mahane Israel becomes the second Jewish neighborhood outside the walls after it was built by Maghrebi Jews from the Old City
1869: Nahalat Shiv'a becomes the third Jewish neighborhood outside the walls, built as a cooperative effort. 1872: Beit David becomes the fourth Jewish neighborhood outside the walls, built as an almshouse. 1873–1875: Mea She'arim is built (the fifth Jewish neighborhood outside the walls). 1877: Jerusalem representative Yousef al-Khalidi appointed as President of the Chamber of Deputies in the short-lived first Ottoman parliament following the accession of Abdul Hamid II and the declaration of the Kanun-i Esasî 1881: The American Colony is established by Chicago natives Anna and Horatio Spafford 1881: Eliezer Ben-Yehuda moves to Jerusalem to begin his development of modern Hebrew to replace the languages used by Jews who made aliyah from various regions of the world
1882: The First Aliyah results in 25,000–35,000 Zionist immigrants entering the Palestine region 1886: Church of Maria Magdalene is built by the Russian Orthodox Church 1887–8: Ottoman Palestine divided into the districts of Jerusalem, Nablus and Acre – Jerusalem District is "autonomous", i.e. attached directly to Istanbul
1897: First Zionist Congress at which Jerusalem was discussed as the possible capital of a future Jewish state. In response, Abdul Hamid II initiates policy of sending members of his own Palace staff to govern province of Jerusalem 1898: German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II visits the city to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets Theodor Herzl outside the city walls.
1899: St. George's Cathedral is built, becoming the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem of the Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East 1901: Ottoman restrictions on Zionist immigration to and land acquisition in Jerusalem district take effect 1906: Bezalel Academy of Art and Design is founded. 1908: Young Turk Revolution reconvenes the Ottoman parliament, to which the Jerusalem district sends two members.
British Mandate period Zones of French and British influence and control proposed in the Sykes-Picot Agreement General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot out of respect for the Holy City, 11 December 1917
1917: The Ottomans are defeated at the Battle of Jerusalem during the First World War. The British Army's General Allenby enters Jerusalem on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph Umar in 637. The Balfour Declaration had been issued just a month before. 1918: The Pro-Jerusalem Society is founded by Sir Ronald Storrs, the British Governor of Jerusalem, and Charles Robert Ashbee, an architect.[71] They repair the city walls, and institute a number of key city planning laws including that all buildings must be faced with Jerusalem stone
1918: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI) is founded (inaugurated in 1925) on Mount Scopus on the land owned by the Jewish National Fund. 1918–1920: Jerusalem is under British military administration. 1920: Nabi Musa Riots in and around the Old City of Jerusalem mark the first large-scale skirmish of the Arab-Israeli Conflict
1921: Hajj Mohammad Amin al-Husayni is appointed Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
1923: The first lecture is delivered by the first president of World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS), Albert Einstein.
1924: Jacob Israël de Haan was assassinated in Jerusalem by the Haganah, becoming the first victim of Zionist political violence
1929:
1929 Palestine riots sparked by a demonstration organized by Joseph Klausner's Committee for the Western Wall[72][73][74][75] 1932: King David Hotel is opened. The first issue of The Palestine Post is published.
1946: King David Hotel is blown up by militant Irgun Tzvai-Leumi Zionists, killing 91 people including 28 British government officials . It remains the deadliest explosion in the Arab-Israeli Conflict to date[76] 1947 November 29:
1947 UN Partition Plan calls for internationalization of Jerusalem as a "corpus separatum" (UN General Assembly Resolution 181).
Partition between Israel and Jordan
1947–1948:
1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
1948: 1948 Arab–Israeli War
6 January: Semiramis Hotel bombing 9 April: Deir Yassin Massacre
13 May: Hadassah medical convoy massacre. 14 May: The term of the British Mandate ends.
14 May: The State of Israel is established at 4 pm 22 May: American Consul General Thomas C. Wasson is killed on Wauchope Street by an unknown assassin
27 May: The Arab Legion destroys the Hurva Synagogue.
28 May: The Jewish Quarter of the Old City falls to Arab Legion under Glubb Pasha. The Legion destroys all remaining synagogues. Mordechai Weingarten discusses surrender terms with Abdullah el Tell.
26 July: West Jerusalem is proclaimed territory of Israel. 17 September: Folke Bernadotte, the United Nations' mediator in Palestine and the first official mediator in the UN's history, is killed by Lehi assassins
1949: Jerusalem is proclaimed the capital of Israel. The Knesset moves to Jerusalem from Tel-Aviv. Jordan prevents access to the Western Wall and Mount Scopus, in violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements. 1951: King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by Arab extremists on the Temple Mount.
1953: Establishment of Yad Vashem.
1964: Pope Paul VI visits Israel, becoming the first pope in one thousand years to visit the Holy Land, but performs a ceremony at Mount Zion without visiting the Old City of Jerusalem. His meeting with Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople led to the rescinding of the excommunications of the 1054 Great Schism.
1966: Inauguration of new Knesset building. Israel Museum and Shrine of the Book are established.
Israeli period The Temple Mount as it appears today. The Western Wall is in the foreground with the Dome of the Rock in the background
1967 5–11 June: The Six Day War.
6 June: The Battle of Ammunition Hill takes place in the northern part of Jordanian controlled East Jerusalem 7 June: The Old City is captured by the IDF. 10 June: The Moroccan Quarter including 135 houses and the Al-Buraq mosque is demolished, creating a plaza in front of the Western Wall 28 June: Israel declares Jerusalem unified and announces free access to holy sites of all religions.
1968: Israel reclaims the Jewish Quarter, confiscating 129 dunams (0.129 km2) of land which had made up the Jewish Quarter before 1948,[77] evicting 6,000 residents and 437 shops.[78] 1969: Denis Michael Rohan, an Australian Protestant extremist, burns a part of the al-Aqsa Mosque. 1977: Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, visits Jerusalem and addresses the Knesset. 1978: WUJS headquarters moves from London to Jerusalem. 1980: The Jerusalem Law is enacted leading to UN Security Council Resolution 478 (it states that the Council will not recognize this law)
2000: Pope John Paul II becomes the first Latin Pope to visit Jerusalem, and prays at the Western Wall. 2000: Final Agreement between Israel and Palestinian Authority is not achieved at the 2000 Camp David Summit, with the status of Jerusalem playing a central role in the breakdown of talks.
2000: The Second Intifada (also known as Al-Aqsa Intifada) begins two months after the end of the Camp David Summit – Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount is reported to have been a relevant factor in the uprising.
2008: Israeli Sephardic Religious Party, Shas, refuses to form part of the government without a guarantee that there will be no negotiations that will lead to a partition of Jerusalem.
Timeline of Christianity
The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.
6 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration,[1] capital at Caesarea, Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria, conducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots (JA18, Luke 2:1–3, Acts 5:37)
7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee[2] 9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai
14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor
18-36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius
19 Jews, Jewish Proselytes, Astrologers, expelled from Rome[3]
26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2) 28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1–2), saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matthew 3:1–2), a relative of Jesus (Luke 1:36), a Nazirite (Luke 1:15), baptized Jesus (Mark 1:4–11), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (Luke 3:19–20), it's possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2)[4]
Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matthew 4:12–17). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (John 19:14,Mark 14:2, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to Mary Magdalene and other women (Mark 16:9, John 20:10–18), Simon Peter (Luke 24:34), and others, (1Cor.15:3–9), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.
Apostolic Age Main article: Apostolic Age
Shortly after the death of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church is founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (Acts 1:15), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (5:34-39), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersion of the Apostles (7:54-8:8, also Mark 16:20) which leads to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (8:9-24), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (8:26-40). Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in 9:13-16, cf. Gal 1:11-24. Peter baptizes the Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (10). The Antioch church is founded, it was there that the term Christian was first used (11:26).
37-41 Crisis under Caligula, proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews[5] before 44 Epistle of James if written by James the Great
44? Saint James the Great: According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a pillar on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following that vision, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 during a Passover (Nisan 15) (Acts 12:1-3).
44 Death of Herod Agrippa I (JA19.8.2, Acts 12:20-23) 44-46? Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (like Moses and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan) (JA20.5.1, Acts 5:36-37 places it before the Census of Quirinius)
45-49? Mission of Barnabas and Paul, (Acts 13:1-14:28), to Cyprus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian Antioch. 47 The Church of the East is created by Saint Thomas
48-100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by Claudius, seventh and last of the Herodians
49 "Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus,[6] he [Claudius] expelled them from Rome." (referenced in Acts 18:2)[7]
50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed (JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1)
50? Council of Jerusalem and the "Apostolic Decree", Acts 15:1-35, same as Galatians 2:1-10?, which is followed by the Incident at Antioch[8] at which Paul publicly accuses Peter of "Judaizing" (2:11-21), see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
50-53? Paul's 2nd mission, (Acts 15:36-18:22), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch; 1 Thessalonians, Galatians written? Map2. Lydia of Thyatira, a seller of purple, becomes the first European Christian convert[9] (Acts 16:11-15)
51-52 or 52-53 Proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul[10] 52, November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands in India.[11][12] Establishes churches at Kodungalloor, Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam, Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam
53-57? Paul's 3rd mission, (Acts 18:23-22:30), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where James the Just challenges him about rumor of teaching antinomianism (21:21); he addresses a crowd in their language (most likely Aramaic), Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philippians written?
55? "Egyptian Prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, Acts 21:38)
58? Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teaching resurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23-26) 59? Paul shipwrecked on Malta, there he is called a god (Acts 28:6)
60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers", three days later calls together the Jewish leaders, who hadn't received any word from Judea about him, but were curious about "this sect", which everywhere is spoken against; he tries to convince them from the "law and prophets", with partial success – said the Gentiles would listen, and spends two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching "the Lord Jesus Christ" (Acts 28:15-31); Epistle to Philemon written?
60-64? early date for writing of 1 Peter (Peter as author) before 62 Epistle of James if written by James the Just
62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus, popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator Lucceius Albinus (JA20.9.1) 63-107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified under Trajan
64-68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome, Nero blames and persecutes the Christians (or Chrestians[13]), possibly the earliest mention of Christians, by that name, in Rome, see also Tacitus on Jesus, Paul beheaded? (Col 1:24,Eph 3:13,2 Tim 4:6-8,1Clem 5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down? (Jn 21:18,1 Pet 5:13,Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics chapter XXXVI,Eusebius' Church History Book III chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (Annals (Tacitus) XV.44)
64/67(?)-76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
64 Epistle to the Hebrews written
65? Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of Matthew and Luke
66-73 Great Jewish Revolt: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to Supersessionism, Qumran community (site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947) destroyed
70(+/-10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c. 400, see Mark 16
70? Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah 70-100? Additional Pauline Epistles
70-200? Gospel of Thomas, Jewish Christian Gospels: Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of the Hebrews, Gospel of the Nazarenes
72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu) [ 73 Fall of Massada]
76/79(?)-88 Pope Anacletus: first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
80(+/-20) Didache written
80(+/-20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity
80(+/-20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also Acts of the Apostles by same author
80(+/-20)? Pastoral Epistles written (possible post-Pauline authorship)
88-101? Clement, fourth Bishop of Rome: wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (Apostolic Fathers)
90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed), Domitian applies the Fiscus Judaicus tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews"[14]
90(+/-10)? late date for writing of 1 Peter (associate of Peter as author)
94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, translated to Koine Greek 95(+/-30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John
95(+/-10)? Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
96 Nerva modifies the Fiscus Judaicus, from then on, practising Jews pay the tax, Christians do not[15]
98-117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated the Bishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of "The Lord's Day" (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected Judaizing (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2).
100(+/-30)? Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fathers)
100(+/-25)? Epistle of James if written by author other than James the Just or James the Great
100(+/-10)? Epistle of Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14)
Ante-Nicene Period Main article: Ante-Nicene Period
100-150? Apocryphon of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Gospel of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Secret Gospel of Mark (Complete Gospels, published by Jesus Seminar)
110-130? Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, writes "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted (Apostolic Fathers)
110-160? Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians, (Apostolic Fathers) 120? Rabbi Tarfon advocates burning the Gospels[16]
125(+/-5)? 2 Peter written, widely accepted into canon by early 4th century 125? Rylands Library Papyrus P52, oldest extant NT fragment, p. 1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38
130-250? "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman religion: Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, Apology of Aristides, Theophilus of Antioch, Tatian, Quadratus, Melito of Sardis, Apollinaris Claudius, Marcus Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Epistle to Diognetus
132-135 Bar Kokhba's revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, region renamed Syria Palæstina (the term Palestine was originally coined by Herodotus), Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina
142-144? Marcion of Sinope: bishop according to Catholic Encyclopedia, goes to Rome, possibly to buy the bishopric of Rome, upon rejection forms his own church in Rome, later called Marcionism, rejected Old Testament, decreed canon of one Gospel, one Apostolicon (10 Letters of Paul) and one Antithesis[17] which contrasted the Old Testament with the New Testament, cited Western text-type, see also Expounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law
150? "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce Western version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex Bezae (D)
150? Valentinius (most famous Christian Gnostic, according to Tertullian) narrowly loses election for Bishop of Rome 150(+/-10)? Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (Apostolic Fathers)
150-200? Other Gospels: Unknown Berlin Gospel, Gospel of Peter, Oxyrhynchus Gospels, Dialogue of the Saviour
155? Montanus claims to be the Paraclete ("Counselor") of John 14:16
160? Martyrdom of Polycarp (Apostolic Fathers)
170? Dionysius, bishop of Corinth[18] claimed Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels (Eusebius' EH 4 c.23 v.12;Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.8)
170? Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1 170? Symmachus the Ebionite writes new Greek translation of Hebrew Bible
177 Persecution in Lyon, martyrdom of Blandina
180? Hegesippus
180-202? Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon: combated heresies, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers); second "Primate of the Gauls"
185-350? Muratorian fragment, 1st extant canon for New Testament after Marcion?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter 186? Saint Apollonius: used the term catholic in reference to 1 John
188-231 Saint Demetrius: bishop of Alexandria, condemned Origen
189-198 Pope Victor I: 1st Latin Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 Quartodeciman 196? Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
199-217? Caius,[19][20] presbyter of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in Ante-Nicene Fathers, rejected Revelation, said to be by Gnostic Cerinthus, see also Alogi
200? Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, Alexandrian text-type; Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types; Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;
200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8; Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33
200? Sextus Julius Africanus
200? Antipope Natalius,[21] rival bishop of Rome, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the Little Labyrinth of Hippolytus, after being "scourged all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in sackcloth, and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus
217-236 Antipope Hippolytus, Logos sect? Later dispute settled and considered martyr, Roman canon 218-258 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cited "Western" NT text-type, claimed Christians were freely forging his letters to discredit him (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
220? Clement of Alexandria, cited "Alexandrian" NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote "Exhortations to the Greeks"; "Rich Man's Salutation"; "To the Newly Baptized"; (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
220?-340? Codex Tchacos, manuscript containing a copy of the Gospel of Judas, is written
223? Tertullian: sometimes called "father of the Latin Church", because he coined trinitas, tres Personae, una Substantia, Vetus Testamentum, Novum Testamentum, convert to Montanism, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
225? Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty Papyri, Gospels (Caesarean text-type, mixed), Acts (Alexandrian text-type) 235-238 Maximinus Thrax: emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope Pontian and Antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia, where they soon die
248-264 Dionysius, Patriarch of Alexandria see also List of Patriarchs of Alexandria 250? Apostolic Constitutions, Liturgy of St James, Old Roman Symbol, Clementine literature 250? Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius, Commodianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18
250? Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at First Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled Hexapla; cites Alexandrian, Caesarean text-type; Eusebius claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 (EH6.8.1-3) 251-424? Synods of Carthage
251-258 Antipope Novatian decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism (An antipope was an individual whose claim to the papacy was either rejected by the Church at the time or later recognized as invalid.)[22] 254-257 Pope Stephen I: major schism over rebaptizing heretics and apostates
258 "Valerian's Massacre": Roman emperor issues edict to execute immediately all Christian Bishops, Presbyters, and Deacons, including Pope Sixtus II, Antipope Novatian, Cyprian of Carthage (CE: Valerian, Schaff's History Vol 2 Chap 2 § 22)
264-269 Synods of Antioch: condemned Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism), also condemned term homoousios adopted at Nicaea
265 Gregory Thaumaturgus (Ante-Nicene Fathers) 270? Anthony begins monastic movement
275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rev. 9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2
276 Mani (prophet), crucified, founder of the dualistic Manichaean sect in Persia 282-300? Theonas, bishop of Alexandria (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
290-345? St Pachomius, founder of Christian monasticism 296-304 Pope Marcellinus, offered pagan sacrifices for Diocletian, later repented. Name in Martyrology of Bede
301 - Armenia is the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as state religion
303-312 Diocletian's Massacre of Christians, includes burning of scriptures (EH 8.2)
303 Saint George, patron saint of Georgia, England and other states
304? Victorinus, bishop of Pettau 304? Pope Marcellinus, having repented from his previous defection, suffers martyrdom with several companions 306 Synod of Elvira prohibits relations between Christians and Jews
310 Maxentius deports Pope Eusebius and Heraclius[23][24] to Sicily (relapse controversy)
312 Lucian of Antioch, founder of School of Antioch, martyred
312 Vision of Constantine: while gazing into the sun he sees a cross with the words by this sign conquer, see also Labarum, he was later called the 13th Apostle and Equal-to-apostles
313 Edict of Milan: Constantine and Licinius end persecution, establish toleration of Christianity
313? Lateran Palace given to Pope Miltiades for residence by Constantine
313? Traditional date for founding of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre
314 King Urnayr of Caucasian Albania adopts Christianity as official religion
314 Catholic Council of Arles,[25] called by Constantine against Donatist schism to confirm the Council of Rome in 313
314-340? Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, church historian, cited Caesarean text-type, wrote Ecclesiastical History in 325[26]
317? Lactantius
321 Constantine decrees Sunday as state "day of rest" (CJ3.12.2), see also Sol Invictus
First Seven Ecumenical Councils Main article: First seven Ecumenical Councils
Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem.
325 The First Council of Nicaea 325 The Kingdom of Aksum (Modern Ethiopia and Eritrea) declares Christianity as the official state religion, becoming the 2nd country to do so
325 Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, ordered built by Constantine
326, November 18 Pope Sylvester I consecrates the Basilica of St. Peter built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle
328-373 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27 book New Testament canon 330 Old Church of the Holy Apostles, dedicated by Constantine 330, May 11: Constantinople solemly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it New Rome
331 Constantine commissions Eusebius to deliver 50 Bibles for the Church of Constantinople[27] 335 Council in Jerusalem reverses Nicaea's condemnation of Arius, consecrates Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre
337? Mirian III of Iberia (present-day Georgia) adopts Christianity.[28]
337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies (baptized shortly prior to his death)
341-379 Shapur II's persecution of Persian Christians
343? Catholic Council of Sardica, canons confirmed by Pope Julius 350? Julius Firmicus Maternus
350? Codex Sinaiticus(?), Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209(B): earliest Christian Bibles, Alexandrian text-type 350? Ulfilas, Arian, apostle to the Goths, translates Greek NT to Gothic 350? Comma Johanneum 1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)
350? Aëtius, Arian, "Syntagmation": "God is agennetos (unbegotten)", founder of Anomoeanism 350? School of Nisibis founded
353-367 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers
355-365 Antipope Felix II, Arian, supported by Constantius II, consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea 357 Council of Sirmium issues so-called Blasphemy of Sirmium or Seventh Arian Confession,[29] called high point of Arianism
359 Council of Rimini, Dated Creed (Acacians); Pope Liberius rejects Arian creed of council 360 Julian the Apostate becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor
363-364 Council of Laodicea: Canon 29 decreed anathema for Christians who rest on the Sabbath, disputed Canon 60 named 26 NT books (excluded Revelation)
366-367 Antipope Ursicinus, rival to Pope Damasus I
367-403 Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, wrote Panarion against heresies
370-379 Basil the Great, Bishop of Caesarea
370? Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians) Syriac Orthodox Church
370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis, who in his conflict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity and catholicity as marks of the Church over and above holiness, and also that the sacraments derived their validity from God, not from the priest 372-394 Gregory, Bishop Of Nyssa
373 Ephrem the Syrian, cited Western Acts 374-397 Ambrose, governor of Milan until 374, then made Bishop of Milan 375-395 Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul
379-381 Gregory Nazianzus, Bishop of Constantinople 380, February 27: Emperor Theodosius I issues the Edict of Thessalonica, declaring Nicene Christianity as the state church of the Roman Empire[30]
380, November 24: Emperor Theodosius I is baptised 381 First Council of Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical: Jesus had true human soul, Nicene Creed of 381 382 Catholic Council of Rome under Pope Damasus I sets the Biblical Canon, listing the inspired books of the Old Testament and the New Testament (disputed)
383? Frumentius, Apostle of Ethiopia 385 Priscillian, first heretic to be executed? 386 Cyril of Jerusalem: wrote compellingly of catholicity of the Church
390? Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, believed Jesus had human body but divine spirit 391: The Theodosian decrees outlaw most pagan rituals still practiced in Rome
396-430 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, considered the founder of formalized Christian theology (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
397? Saint Ninian evangelizes Picts in Scotland
398-404 John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople, see also List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
400: Jerome's Vulgate (Latin edition and translation of the Bible) is published
400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Orthodox Bible 400? Peshitta Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standard Syriac Orthodox Church Bible
406 Armenian Bible, translated by Saint Mesrob, standard Armenian Orthodox Bible
410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths
412-444 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, coined Hypostatic union 418-419 Antipope Eulalius, rival to Pope Boniface I
420 St. Jerome, Vulgate translator, Latin scholar, cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16:8, Pericope of the Adultress addition to John (John 7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
423-457 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, noted Tatian's Diatesseron in heavy use, wrote a Church History
431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical: repudiated Nestorianism, decreed Mary the Mother of God, forbade any changes to Nicene Creed of 381, rejected by the Persian Church, leading to the Nestorian Schism
432 St Patrick begins his mission in Ireland. Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless
440-461 Pope Leo the Great: sometimes considered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics, stopped Attila the Hun at Rome, issued Tome in support of Hypostatic Union, approved Council of Chalcedon but rejected canons in 453
449 Second Council of Ephesus, Monophysite: Jesus was divine but not human 450? Codex Alexandrinus(A): Alexandrian text-type; Codex Bezae(D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus(W): Greek Gospels; both of Western text-type
450? std. Aramaic Targums, Old Testament in Aramaic 450? Socrates Scholasticus Church History of 305-438; Sozomen Church History of 323-425
451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both human and divine in one (Chalcedonian Creed), rejected by eastern Orthodoxy
455: Sack of Rome by the Vandals. The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage 456? Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysite 465? Prosper of Aquitaine
476, September 4 Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
484-519 Acacian Schism, over Henoticon, divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches
491 Armenian Orthodox split from East (Greek) and West (Latin) churches
495, May 13 Vicar of Christ decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by Pope Gelasius I
496 Clovis I, King of the Franks, baptized
498-499,501-506 Antipope Laurentius, rival of Pope Symmachus, Laurentian schism
500? Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote "Theological Tractates", Consolation of Philosophy; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
525 Dionysius Exiguus defines Christian calendar (AD) 527 Fabius Planciades Fulgentius
529 Benedict of Nursia establishes his first monastery in the Abbey of Monte Cassino, Italy, where he writes the Rule of St Benedict
530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope
535-536 Unusual climate changes recorded
537-555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548 issued Judicatum supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550 538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Arian kingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic
541-542 Plague of Justinian
543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world
544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (died 428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council of Chalcedon
550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced
553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian 556-561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed Judicatum
563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at Iona 567 Cassiodorus
589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo: Reccared and the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism and Filioque clause is added to Nicene Creed of 381 590-604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian Chant, Seven deadly sins
591-628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism 596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes
600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD431-594[31] 604 Saxon cathedral created (by Mellitus) where St Paul's Cathedral in London now stands
609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda 612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy 613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland
614 Khosrau II of Persia conquers Damascus, Jerusalem, takes Holy Cross of Christ 622 Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing to Mecca 624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of Islamic Empire 625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria 628 Babai the Great, pillar of Church of the East, dies
628-629 Battle of Mut'ah: Heraclius recovers Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638 632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria
634-644 Umar, 2nd Sunni Islam Caliph: capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642 635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus
664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity of British Isles with Roman Catholicism
680-681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th ecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople, Heraclius' Ecthesis
681-686 Wilfrid converts Sussex 687-691 Dome of the Rock built 690? Old English Bible translations
692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles of Apostolic Constitutions, Clerical celibacy, rejected by Pope Constantine 698 Fall of Carthage
711-718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
717-718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople
718-1492 Reconquista: Iberian Peninsula retaken by Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs
718 Saint Boniface, archbishop of Mainz; an Englishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II to evangelize the Germans 720? Disentis Abbey of Switzerland
730-787 First Iconoclasm: Byzantine Emperor Leo III bans Christian icons; Pope Gregory II excommunicates him 731 English Church History written by Bede
732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expanding westward
750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium 752? Donation of Constantine, granted Western Roman Empire to the Pope (later proved a forgery)
756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States (Treaty of Sutri)
781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras, Christianity in China
787 Second Council of Nicaea, 7th ecumenical: ends first Iconoclasm
793 Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christendom
Middle Ages Main article: Medieval history of Christianity
800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned first Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III
849-865 Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen, "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden
855 Antipope Anastasius: Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor appoints him over Pope Benedict III but popular pressure causes withdrawal
863 Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavic peoples. They translate the Bible into Slavonic
869-870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinople condemns Patriarch Photius (rejected by Orthodox) 879-880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople restores Photius, condemns Pope Nicholas I and Filioque (rejected by Catholics)
897, January Cadaver Synod: Pope Stephen VI conducts trial against dead Pope Formosus, public uprising against Stephen leads to his imprisonment and strangulation
909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery, founded in France 966 Duke Mieszko I of Poland baptised; Poland becomes a Christian country 984 Antipope Boniface VII, murdered Pope John XIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in 974
988? Christianization of Kievan Rus' 991 Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims accuses Pope John XV of being the Antichrist 997-998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by Pope Gregory V and his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto III
1001 Byzantine emperor Basil II and Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East
1009 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its current state 1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism 1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist
1046 Council of Sutri: Pope Sylvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admits to buying the papacy and resigns, Pope Benedict IX resigns, council appoints Pope Clement II
1054 East-West Schism split between Eastern (Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized
1058-1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in war with Pope Nicholas II and Normans 1061-1064 Antipope Honorius II, rival of Pope Alexander II
1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated
1073-1085 Pope Gregory VII: Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of simony, concubinage, Antipope Clement III
1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland
1080 Hospital of Saint John the Baptist founded in Jeruselem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno - serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller
1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland built 1093-1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, writes Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), a landmark exploration of the Atonement
1095-1291 10 Crusades, first called by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont against Islamic Empire, to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom
1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the Cistercian order
1099 Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (?)
1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II
1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard (Gerard Thom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta)
1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend Holy Land
1123 Catholic First Lateran Council
1124 Conversion of Pomerania - first mission of Otto of Bamberg
1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland
1128 Conversion of Pomerania - second mission of Otto of Bamberg
1130 Peter of Bruys burned at the stake
1131 Tintern Abbey founded in Wales
1131-1138 Antipope Anacletus II
1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council
1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law 1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise
1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture
1154-1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only) English Pope
1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo
1155 Carmelites founded 1163 Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris
1168 Conversion of Pomerania - Principality of Rugia missioned by Absalon 1173 Waldensians founded
1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council
1191 Teutonic Knights founded
1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople
1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars; renounces wealth and begins his ministry
1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars
1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary
1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council decrees special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declares Waldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy of the Cathars (Albigenses)
1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; the meeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor."[32] 1220-1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia
1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX
[1232 Medieval Inquisition established by Pope Gregory IX and Emperor Fredirick II.]
1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist by Eberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, at the Council of Regensburg 1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon
1252, May 15 Ad exstirpanda: Pope Innocent IV authorizes use of torture in Inquisitions 1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin
1263, July 20–24 The Disputation of Barcelona is held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides
1274 Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later becomes official Catholic doctrine 1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon 1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to the Mamelukes
Renaissance Main article: Medieval history of Christianity § Late Middle Ages (1300–1499) See also: Renaissance
1308-1321 Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), by Dante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: Inferno written between 1307–1308, Purgatorio from 1307-1308 to 1313-1314 and last the Paradiso from 1313-1314 to 1321 (year of Dante's death) 1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture
1305-1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avignon, France 1311-1312 Catholic Council of Vienne disbands Knights Templar
1313 Foundation of the legendary Order of the Rose Cross (Rosicrucian Order), a mystic Christian fraternity for the first time expounded in the major Christian literary work The Divine Comedy[33][34][35][36]
1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of Knights Templar, burned at the stake 1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow
1341-1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople 1342 Marsilius of Padua
1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which grows into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
1378-1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism
1380-1382 Wycliffe's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, 1st complete translation to English, includes deuterocanonical books, preaches against abuses, expresses anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and clerical celibacy
1388 Twenty-five Articles of the Lollards published 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular, unless and until they are fully approved by church authority
1409 Council of Pisa declares Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, electsd Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope)
1414-1418 Catholic Council of Constance asks Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their Papal claims, then elects Pope Martin V; condemns John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, who is burned at the stake
1423-1424 Council of Siena 1425 Catholic University of Leuven 1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters
1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake
1431-1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence 1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world until 1874
1452 Dum Diversas, papal bull issued on 18 June 1452, credited with ushering in the West African slave trade in Europe and the New World 1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire
1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg 1473-1481 Sistine Chapel built
1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV 1483 Martin Luther born in Eisleben
1484 December 5, Summis Desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII 1487 Persecution and Crusade against the Waldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII 1492 Columbus opens new continents to Christianity
1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, writes Bonfire of the Vanities
1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure (demolition completed in 1606); Vatican Swiss Guard founded
1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling 1512-1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran: condemned Conciliarism
Protestant Reformation
1517 95 Theses of Martin Luther begins German Protestant Reformation
1518 Heidelberg Disputation: Martin Luther puts forth his Theology of the Cross 1519 Leipzig Debate between Martin Luther and Johann Eck
1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the Diet of Worms
1521 Papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem (It Pleases the Roman Pontiff) excommunicates Luther
1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain, first mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia 1522 Luther's NT, German NT translation 1524 The Freedom of the Will published by Erasmus
1525 On the Bondage of the Will published by Luther in response to Erasmus 1525 Anabaptist movement begins
1526 Tyndale's NT, English NT translation from 1516 Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for elder, church for congregation, banned in 1546 by Henry VIII of England
1526 Luther publishes his German Mass and The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics, his first written work against the Sacramentarians
1528 Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Lutheranism is officially adopted 1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ's body and blood in his Confession Concerning Christ's Supper 1529 Marburg Colloquy, Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli
1530 Augsburg Confession, first doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church 1531 Huldrych Zwingli is killed during the Second war of Kappel
1531 Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico: According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541.
1534 Henry VIII establishes new independent entity Church of England, see also English Reformation
1534 Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and south Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
1535-1537 Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
1535 Thomas More refuses to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and is executed 1535-1679 Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
1536 Desiderius Erasmus, eminent Dutch humanist and editor of the Textus Receptus, dies
1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written by John Calvin (Calvinism)
1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist
1536 Jacob Hutter, founder of Hutterites
1536 Helvetic Confessions of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland 1536-1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace 1536-1541 Michelangelo paints "The Last Judgement"
1537 Christian III of Denmark decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark 1537 Luther writes Smalcald Articles 1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers, based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva 1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III
1542 Robert Bellarmine born - became a Cardinal Inquisitor under Pope Clement VIII
1543 Parliament of England bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation" 1545-1563 Catholic Council of Trent: Counter-Reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon
1549 Original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England written by Thomas Cranmer 1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia
1552 Joachim Westphal starts controversy against Calvinists, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence
1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies" 1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism, burned at the stake in Geneva
1553-1558 Queen Mary I of England persecutes reformers: John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake
1555 Peace of Augsburg gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants
1558 Church of England permanently reestablished after Mary I of England deposed 1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded by Pope Paul IV
1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers
1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scottish Reformation 1560-1598 French Wars of Religion
1560-1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also Christianity in India
1561 Menno Simons, founder of Mennonites
1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England, also decreed Biblical canon 1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches
1565-73 Examination of the Council of Trent by Martin Chemnitz 1566 Roman Catechism and Index of Prohibited Books published
1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled by Malyuta Skuratov 1571 Dutch Reformed Church established
1571 Battle of Lepanto saves Christian Europe; Pope Pius V organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)
1572 John Knox founds Scottish Presbyterian Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1572-1606 Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Thousands of Protestants murdered in France
1577 Formula of Concord adopted by German Lutherans 1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, Our Lady of Kazan 1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism 1582 St Teresa of Avila dies
1582 Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII adopted at different times in different regions of the world 1582 Rheims New Testament published - it later became part of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible 1585 Jesuit scholar Francisco Ribera publishes first futurist interpretation, of the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expels Jesuits from Kyushu
1587? Mission Nombre De Dios in St. Augustine, Florida, considered first Catholic mission to North America[37]
1588 Spanish Armada defeated in its efforts to reconquer England for Catholicism
1589 Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarch of Moscow 1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed 1591 St John of the Cross
1592 The Clementine Vulgate of Pope Clement VIII, replaced the Sistine Vulgate of 1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the Second Vatican Council
1596 Ukrainian Catholic Church forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1598 Edict of Nantes grants toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots)
1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned at the stake
17th century Age of Reason
1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism 1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross 1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded 1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain 1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation
1609-1610 Douay-Rheims Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582
1611 King James Version (Authorised Version) is published, based primarily on Tyndale's work and Bishop's Bible of 1572, first printings included separate Apocrypha between the testaments 1614 Fama Fraternitatis, the first Rosicrucian manifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) presenting the "The Fraternity of the Rose Cross" 1615 Confessio Fraternitatis, the second Rosicrucian manifesto describing the "Most Honorable Order" as Christian[38] 1616 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an hermetic allegory presenting alchemical and Christian elements)
1618-1648 Thirty Years' War 1620 Plymouth Colony founded by Puritans 1622-1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu 1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop 1634-37 Confessio catholica by Lutheran theologian Johann Gerhard
1635 Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony, for advocating separation of church and state
1636 Founding of what was later known as Harvard University as a training school for ministers - the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA
1636-1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, founder of Jansenism 1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic from Massachusetts 1641 John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps to establish the social constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
1643 Acta Sanctorum 1643 John Campanius arrives in New Sweden
1644 Rhode Island founded by [Baptist] Roger Williams as first colony to establish complete religious liberty
1644 Long Parliament directs that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removing the Apocrypha) 1646 Westminster Standards produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decrees Biblical canon
1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement
1648 Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Year's War, extends religious toleration to Calvinists
1650 Bishop James Ussher calculates date of creation as October 23, 4004 BC
1653-56 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church
1655-1677, Abraham Calovius publishes Systema Iocorum theologicorum, height of Lutheran scholasticism 1660-1685 King Charles II of England, restoration of monarchy, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
1666 Paul Gerhardt, Lutheran pastor and hymnwriter, is removed from his position as a pastor in Nikolaikirche in Berlin, when he refuses to accept "syncretistic" edict of the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg
1672 Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem: decreed Biblical canon
1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes Pia Desideria, which becomes a manifesto for Pietism 1678 John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim's Progress
1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia 1683 Roger Williams, advocate of Separation of church and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Island, dies 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France 1685 James II of England baptizes his son as a Catholic
1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by Russian Orthodox Church 1688 'Glorious Revolution' overthrows James II of England over fears of Catholic restoration; William of Orange takes English throne
1689 English Bill of Rights establishes religious liberty
1689 Baptist Confession of Faith published
1692 Salem witch trials held in Colonial America
1692-1721 Chinese Rites controversy 1693 Jacob Amman founds Amish sect
18th century See also: Age of Enlightenment
1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splits with Roman Catholicism
1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrives in Tranquebar
1707 Examen theologicum acroamaticum by David Hollatz: the last great Lutheran doctrinal work before the Age of Enlightenment
1718-22 Orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscher publishes The Complete Timotheus Verinus against Pietism 1721 Peter the Great substitutes Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod
1722 Hans Egede, missionary, arrives in Greenland 1728 The Vicar of Bray (song) 1730-1749 First Great Awakening in U.S. 1735 Welsh Methodist revival
1738 Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing brother Charles, begins
1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrives in South India 1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous Fire and brimstone sermon
1741 George Frederick Handel performs his classic gospel oratorio "Messiah" for the first time
1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published
1767-1815 Suppression of the Jesuits
1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony, founded 1768 Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith 1769 Mission San Diego de Alcala, first California mission
1771 Emanuel Swedenborg publishes his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion", later used by others to found Swedenborgianism
1774 Ann Lee, leader of American Shakers, emigrates to New York from England
1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus' works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology)
1776 [Declaration of Independence - America founded]
1776-1788 Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity
1776 Mission Dolores, San Francisco
1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"
1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England 1784 American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury
1784 Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in Korea, and disseminates after almost 200 years since its first introduction in 1593
1789-1815 John Carroll, Archdiocese of Baltimore, first Roman Catholic US bishop 1789-1801 De-Christianisation of France during the French Revolution
1791 First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska 1795 The Age of Reason, written by Thomas Paine, advocates Deism
1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion" 1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, beginning Liberal Christianity movement 19th century See also: Industrial Revolution 1801 Cane Ridge Revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky initiates the Christians (Stone Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement
1809 Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement initiated with the publication of the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington 1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian, tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California 1816 Bishop Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination
1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses against rationalism and the Prussian Union of churches 1819 Thomas Jefferson produces the Jefferson Bible
1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ...Handwörterbuch...: Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers 1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the editorship of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, the chief literary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism
1828 Plymouth Brethren founded; promotes Dispensationalism 1830 Catherine Laboure receives Miraculous Medal from the Blessed Mother in Paris, France 1830 Charles Finney's revivals lead to Second Great Awakening in America
1830, April 6 Church of Christ (Mormonism, Latter Day Saint Movement) founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. as a result of reported visitations and commandment by God the Father, Jesus Christ, and later the Angel Moroni. Book of Mormon also published in 1830
1831 William Miller begins the Advent Movement, by preaching his first sermon on the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation
1832 Christians (Stone Movement) and Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) merge to form the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement 1832, February 28- Persecution of Old Lutherans: by a royal decree all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of the Prussian Union agenda[39] 1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England
1838-1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to theological rationalism emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod
1843 Disruption of: schism within the established Church of Scotland 1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa 1844 Lars Levi Laestadius experiences awakening—beginning of Laestadianism
1844, October 22 Great Disappointment: false prediction of Second Coming of Christ by Millerites 1844, December Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, has her first vision 1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Augusta, Georgia
1846 Bernadette Soubirous receives the first of 18 apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France. Six million a year visit Lourdes Shrine
1847 Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod founded in Chicago, Illinois 1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary, arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India 1848 Epistle to the Easterns and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response 1848 Perfectionist movement in western New York state
1849 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe founds the first deaconess house in Neuendettelsau, Bavaria 1850 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod founded in Milwaukee 1853 Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded outside Madison, Wisconsin
1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China 1854 Immaculate Conception defined as Catholic dogma 1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism
1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt to replace the Augsburg Confession with the Definite Platform in the General Synod, leading to schism in 1866 1859 Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination
1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed 19 years after the Great Disappointment 1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy
1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States 1869-1870 Catholic First Vatican Council asserts doctrine of Papal Infallibility (rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland)
1870 Italy declares war on the Papal States; Italian Army enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist 1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of Our Lady of Hope 1871-1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism
1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America organized
1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) founded 1878 First translation of the New Testament into Batak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
1879 Knock, Ireland is location of apparition of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland
1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy
1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, uses Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed
1884 Charles Taze Russell founds Bible Student movement
1885-1887 Uganda Martyrs 1885 Baltimore Catechism published
1886 Moody Bible Institute founded 1886 Onesimos Nesib begins translation of the entire Bible into the Oromo language
1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea 1891 Albert Maclaren and Copland King, Anglican missionaries, arrive in New Guinea
1893 Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald 1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism
1897 Christian flag conceived in Brooklyn, New York
1899 Gideons International founded 20th century Main article: Christianity in the 20th century
1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under Christian Keyser in New Guinea paves way for mass conversions during the following years
1904 Welsh revival 1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil - Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil - is founded in Juni 24, in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande do Sul
1905 French law on the separation of Church and State 1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus (English translation 1910) 1906 Biblia Hebraica
1906-1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, CA begins modern Pentecostal movement 1907 The Church of God in Christ is formed as a Pentecostal body 1907-1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop of Japanese Orthodox Church 1908 Church of the Nazarene founded in Pilot Point, Texas 1909 Scofield Reference Bible published
1909-1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christian mystics, founded at Mount Ecclesia 1910 Christian Congregation in Brazil founded in Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil by Italo-American Louis Francescon. It begins Pentecostalism in Brazil and South America
1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launches modern missions movement and modern ecumenical movement; 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly also used by Fundamentalists
1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, forms foundation of Fundamentalism
1913 Catholic Encyclopedia 1914 Welsh Church Act 1914 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philippines 1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language
1915 Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, dies 1915-1923 The Armenian Genocide occurs
1916 Father Divine founds International Peace Mission movement 1916 And did those feet in ancient time
1917 Heinrich Hansen publishes Lutheran Evangelical Catholic theses Stimuli et Clavi
1917 Our Lady of Fatima appears Marian apparitions to 3 young people, in Fatima, Portugal - Jacinta Marto, Tiago Veloso and Lúcia ("Sister Lucia")
1917 - 13 October Miracle of the Sun is witnessed by as many as 100,000 people in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal ("How the Sun Danced at Midday at Fátima") 1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with Tikhon as patriarch
1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing 1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna, by the Communists
1918 United Lutheran Church in America founded 1919 Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans is published, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginning the neo-orthodox movement
1920 The Ecclesia, an Esoteric Christian Temple, is erected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December 25) 1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford
1923 Aimee Semple McPherson builds Angelus Temple
1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., KFUO (AM), founded
1925 Scopes Trial causes division among Fundamentalists
1925 United Church of Canada formed 1925 St. Therese of Lisieux canonized
1925 The World Conference of Life and Work is held in Stockholm, Sweden 1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast
1926-1929 Cristero War in Mexico: The Constitution of 1917 brings persecution of Christian practices and anti-clerical laws - approximately 4,000 Catholic priests are expelled, assassinated or executed
1927 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly founds the Congregation of Sisters of the Destitute 1927 Pope Pius XI decrees Comma Johanneum open to dispute 1929 Lateran Treaty signed, containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the Papacy 1929 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly dies
1929 Voice of Prophecy radio ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor H.M.S. Richards Sr.
1930 Rastafari movement founded 1930 Old American Lutheran Church founded
1930 The Lutheran Hour begins with Walter A. Maier as speaker
1931 Jehovah's Witnesses formally separate from the Bible Student movement
1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) built in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1932 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod adopted by the LCMS 1932 Marian apparitions to five school children in Beauraing, Belgium as Lady Virgin of the Poor[40] 1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded 1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founds Radio Church of God
1935 Gunnar Rosendal publishes Lutheran High Church manifesto Kyrklig förnyelse
1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates", working in the Philippines, develops a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read 1935 Rahlf's critical edition of the Koine Greek Septuagint published 1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist, dies
1938 First Debbarma Christian, Manindra Debbarma, is baptized at Agartala
1938 Tripura Baptist Christian Union established at Laxmilunga, Tripura
1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church, reunite to form The Methodist Church (slavery had divided the church in the 19th century)
1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos, world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high 1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded
1945 On the Feast of the Annunciation, "Our Lady" appears to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Amsterdam. This is the first of 56 appearances as "Our Lady of All Nations",[41] which took place between 1945 and 1959.
1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis 1945 Ludwig Müller 1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered
1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage
1947 Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US
1947 Oral Roberts founds Evangelistic Association 1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered 1947 Lutheran World Federation founded 1948 World Council of Churches is founded
1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, see also Christian Zionism 1949 Evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first Los Angeles crusade 1949 - October 2 Saint John Evangelical Lutheran Community - Comunidade Evangélica Luterana São João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil - is founded in Passo Fundo city, State Rio Grande do Sul
1950 First part of the Common Confession between the American Lutheran Church and the LCMS is adopted, resulting in the schism of the Orthodox Lutheran Conference
1950 New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures released 1950 Assumption of Mary decreed by Pope Pius XII 1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa 1951 Bishop Fulton Sheen (1919–1979) debuts his television program Life is Worth Living on the DuMont Network. His half hour lecture program on Roman Catholic theology remained the number one show on U.S. television for its time slot, winning several Emmys until Sheen ended the program in 1957 1951 The Last Temptation, a fictional account of the life of Jesus written by Nikos Kazantzakis, wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries 1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA
1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations 1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity published 1952 This Is the Life TV series begins 1954 Unification Church founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon, under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (acronym HSA-UWC) 1954 U.S. Pledge of Allegiance modified by act of Congress from "one nation, indivisible" to "one nation under God, indivisible" 1956 In God We Trust designated U.S. national motto 1956 Anchor Bible Series 1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film) 1956 It Is Written television ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor George Vandeman 1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans 1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's Wörterbuch ...: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press 1958 Sedevacantism 1959 Family Radio founded by Harold Camping 1959 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod reaffirmed by the LCMS 1960 Merger creates the "new" American Lutheran Church 1960 John F. Kennedy becomes the first Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States 1961 New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures published 1961 Christian Broadcasting Network founded by Pat Robertson 1962 Engel v. Vitale, first U.S. Supreme Court decision against School prayer 1962 Karl Rahner, Joseph Ratzinger, Yves Congar, John Courtney Murray, Hans Küng among others appointed "periti" for upcoming Second Vatican Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Augustine's axiom: "Many whom God has the Church does not have; and many whom the Church has, God does not have." 1962-1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produces 16 documents which become official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" 1963 Martin Luther King leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
1963 A campaign by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools
1963 Oral Roberts University founded 1963 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America dissolves in schism
1963 New Testament of Beck's American Translation completed, thousands of copies distributed through The Lutheran Hour 1965 Reginald H. Fuller's The Foundations of New Testament Christology
1965 Rousas John Rushdoony founds Chalcedon Foundation 1965 Nostra Aetate Declaration promulgated at Vatican II that repudiates the charge of deicide against Jews 1966 Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Books abolished 1966 Raymond E. Brown's Commentary on the Gospel of John 1967 Lutheran Council in the United States of America organized
1968 Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Zeitoun was seen over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3 year period. Over six million Egyptians and foreigners saw the image, including Copts, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and people of no particular faith
1968 United Methodist Church formed with union of Methodist Church & Evangelical United Brethren Church, becoming the largest Methodist/Wesleyan church in the world 1970s The Jesus movement takes hold in the U.S. (One-way.org) 1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass 1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth, futurist book by Hal Lindsey, published 1970? Chick Publications
1971 New American Standard Bible 1971 The Exorcist, a novel of demonic possession and the mysteries of the Catholic faith, is published
1971 Liberty University founded by Jerry Falwell
1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germany merge, forming the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church 1973, June 12- Near the city of Akita, "Our Lady" appeared to Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa. Three messages were given to her over a period 5 months Our Lady of Akita.[42]
1973 The Apostle in the End-Time called[43] Arsenio Tan Ferriol (Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ in the 4th WATCH) Philippines
1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded by Paul and Jan Crouch
1973 New International Version of the Bible is first published (revised in 1978, 1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style
1973 Walkout at Concordia Seminary begins the Seminex controversy in the LCMS
1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry 1975 Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament
1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, undergoes exorcism against demon possession 1976 Suicide by self-immolation of East German pastor Oskar Brüsewitz, leads to mass protests against communism 1977 New Perspective on Paul
1977 Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
1978-2005 Pope John Paul II: reaffirmed moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth) 1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell
1979 Jesus (1979 film), most watched movie of all time according to New York Times
1979-1982? New King James Version, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style
1980 Glacier View Conference: Seventh-day Adventist pastor and professor Desmond Ford is defrocked for questioning the sanctuary doctrine of the church, in a 1979 lecture at Pacific Union College
1981 Kibeho, Rwanda reported that "Our Lady" appeared to several teenagers telling them to pray to avoid "rivers of blood" (Marian apparitions)[44]
1981 Mother Angelica launches EWTN; it grows to become one of the largest television networks in the world; the operation expands to radio in 1992
1981 Institute on Religion and Democracy is founded 1981 Pope John Paul II shot by Mehmet Ali Agca; survives and later forgives him 1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics 1985 Jesus Seminar founded
1985 E. P. Sanders' Jesus and Judaism published 1986 Chicago Statement on Biblical Application 1986 Desmond Tutu becomes Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; joins anti-apartheid movement
1987 Danver's Statement - Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 1988 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded 1988 Lutheran Council in the United States of America dissolved 1988 Christian Coalition founded by Pat Robertson 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures, and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups
1988 The celebration of 1,000 years since the baptism of Kievan Rus throughout the R.O.C. 1988 Assemblies of God pastor Jimmy Swaggart caught in sex scandal 1989 New Revised Standard Version 1990 American Center for Law and Justice founded 1991 John P. Meier's series A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1
1992 New Catechism of the Catholic Church published 1993 Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference founded 1993 International Lutheran Council founded 1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together"[45] 1994 Porvoo Communion
1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham 1994, July 3- Glorification of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
1996 Cambridge Declaration - Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals[46] 1997, March 5–10- World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter, see also Reform of the date of Easter 1998, April 6 PBS Frontline: From Jesus to Christ
1999 International House of Prayer in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer 1999, October 31- signing of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church
1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ - An Evangelical Celebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by various evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, John Ankerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C. Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al.
1999 Radical Orthodoxy Christian theological movement begins, critiquing modern secularism and emphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; similar to the Paleo-orthodoxy Christian theological movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which sees the consensual understanding of the faith among the Church Fathers as the basis of Biblical interpretation and the foundation of the Church
2000 Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ founded in schism from Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) over fellowship with the Episcopal Church (TEC)
2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported in Assiut, Upper Egypt;[47] phenomena associated to Mary is reported again in 2006, in a church at the same location during the Mass.[48] Local Coptic priests and then the Coptic Orthodox Church of Assiut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively
21st century
2001 Armenia marks 1,700th anniversary of Christianity as its state religion (First country to adopt Christianity as its state religion - Kingdom of Armenia - 301 AD)
2003 the Mission Province is established in Church of Sweden: new era for confessional Lutheranism in Scandinavia
2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of Pope Benedict XVI (Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger)
2006 World Methodist Council votes unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (July 18).[49][50]
2006 The Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism, signed by several Christian denominations in the Middle East, criticizes the doctrine as associating the Gospel with imperialism and militarism
2006 A film of the Gospel of Judas, a 2nd-century Gnostic account of Judas discovered in the 1970s, is shown on TV 2007 The Creation Museum opens in Kentucky, United States
2007 The American Association of Lutheran Churches and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellowship
2007, May 17- The Russian Orthodox Church is reunified after 80 years of schism
2008 Conservative Anglicans indicate that they plan to split from liberal Anglicans in "The Jerusalem Declaration"[51] 2009 Damien of Molokai canonized; apostle to lepers
2009, August 21- The Minneapolis Churchwide Assembly of the ELCA passes four ministry policy resolutions that will permit clergy in committed homosexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA
2009 Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience is issued, signed by over 150 American religious leaders 2009 Dr. Frederick Eikerenkoetter (Reverend Ike), a pioneering prosperity preacher, dies
2010 Lutheran CORE creates North American Lutheran Church in schism from the ELCA 2010, October 31- Attack on Baghdad church results in 52 deaths[57]
2011, January 1- A church in Alexandria, Egypt is bombed, killing 21 people, mostly Christians
2011 Martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician and the only Christian elected member of the National Assembly, who was an outspoken critic of Pakistan's blasphemy laws
2013, March- Pope Francis (Jorgio Bergoglio), an Argentinean, becomes the first non-European Pope in modern times
2013, September 29 - The Tree of Peace was planted in Latina, Italy by non-denominational evangelist Alex Levinci. The event was attended by members of different Christian churches (Roman Catholics, Protestants, Adventists and others).
Sources: Wikipedia